Conjunctivitis
BASICS DESCRIPTION • Allergic conjunctivitis is an allergic inflammation of the ocular surface that can be divided into the following categories: seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis (SAC and PAC), vernal…
Achromatopsia
Alex V. Levin BASICS DESCRIPTION • Reduced or absent color discrimination with photophobia, reduced visual acuity, nystagmus, eccentric fixation, and small central scotoma all due to defective cone development •…
Anterior Uveitis
BASICS DESCRIPTION Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) involves inflammation of the iris alone (iritis) or iris and ciliary body together (iridocyclitis) of abrupt onset (lasting days to weeks) and limited duration…
Infectious Posterior Uveitis
Herpes viruses infecting the retina manifest themselves differently depending upon the interaction between the virus and the host immune system. Most of them are known as necrotizing retinopathies, but nonnecrotizing…
Posterior Uveitis and Collagen Vascular diseases
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder that most commonly affects the lungs, skin, lymph nodes, eyes, central nervous system (CNS), reticuloendothelial system, the heart, and bones. Epidemiology and Etiology Sarcoidosis…
White Dot Syndromes
Don Gass, MD, first described acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE or AMPPE) in 1968. The clinical presentation is usually characterized by multiple, bilateral, cream-colored, placoid lesions at the…
Masquerade Syndromes
Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL), also known as primary retinal lymphoma (PRL) or reticulum cell sarcoma, is a subset of primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) that involves the retina, vitreous, and optic…
Anterior Uveitis
Anterior uveitis constitutes up to 75% of all cases of uveitis and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27–associated uveitis is the most commonly diagnosed cause of acute anterior uveitis. This haplotype is…
Episcleritis, Scleritis, and Keratitis
Episcleritis is a self-limited, generally benign inflammation of the episclera. Etiology and Epidemiology Episcleritis occurs most frequently in young to middle-aged women (20 to 40 years old). It is frequently…
