Gland Tumors
Jacqueline R. Carrasco BASICS DESCRIPTION • Lacrimal gland tumors include a wide variety of masses that may be epithelial or nonepithelial, benign or malignant, and primary or metastatic. • Historically,…
Keratoconus
BASICS DESCRIPTION A disorder of corneal instability, thinning, steepening, and protrusion that develops in the absence of neovascular inflammation. The name derives from the conical shape of the cornea in…
Elevator Palsy
BASICS DESCRIPTION • An inability to elevate the eye in all fields of gaze often resulting in a large hypotropia, with associated ptosis • Also called monocular elevation deficiency EPIDEMIOLOGY…
Eyelid, iris, optic nerve, retina
Assumpta Madu BASICS DESCRIPTION • A developmental abnormality caused by failure of complete closure of the embryonic fissure during the fifth week of gestation • A hole in one of…
in Glaucoma
L. Jay Katz BASICS DESCRIPTION Neuroprotection is the use of therapeutic agents to prevent, retard, and in some instances, reverse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) death in glaucomatous patients. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IOP…
Diabetic Retinopathy
BASICS DESCRIPTION Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is characterized by the growth of fibrovascular tissue due to chronic, poorly controlled diabetes. PDR includes preretinal neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, traction retinal detachment, and…
Degeneration
BASICS DESCRIPTION Myopic degeneration is a complication of severe or progressive myopia causing mild to severe central vision loss and is one of the leading causes of visual debilitation in…
Lobe Disorders
BASICS DESCRIPTION Disorders affecting the occipital lobe of the brain, which is almost entirely devoted to visual function EPIDEMIOLOGY Varies, depending on the many different causes of occipital involvement RISK…
Neuroretinitis
BASICS DESCRIPTION Neuroretinitis is a unilateral, or more rarely, bilateral inflammation of the optic nerve and retina with macular exudate formation and associated visual loss. Originally termed “Leber’s idiopathic stellate…
