Fig. 2.1 Degree of Parkinson’s disease related degeneration in sleep-wake regulating nuclei as measured by cell counts. The healthy brain depicts the nuclei, and corresponding neurotransmitter or neuropeptide, known to…
Fig. 4.1 Examples of reports of severity of leg discomfort on the visual analogue scale in a patient with PD without (left) and a patient with (right) RLS during the…
© Springer-Verlag Wien 2015Aleksandar Videnovic and Birgit Högl (eds.)Disorders of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Parkinson’s Disease10.1007/978-3-7091-1631-9_6 6. Insomnia in Parkinson’s Disease Margaret Park1 and Cynthia L. Comella2 (1) Rush University Medical Center, Sleep Disorders Service and Reacher…
Scale Type of disorder assessed Bed partner/informant Period assessed Population studied Number of questions Range of scores (cut–off value) Comments PDSS-2 Nocturnal disturbance Not required, allowed to help Previous week…
Figure 4.1 Correct fitting of a trial frame with each pupil in the centre of each aperture, both horizontally and vertically. Back vertex distance Place a lens (of any value)…
Figure 3.1 Emmetropia: light from a distant object forms an image on the retina Refractive error (ametropia) ‘Refractive error’ (ametropia) means that an eye does not allow light from a…
Figure 6.1 A focimeter Recording distance prescription Turn the focimeter on and set the focusing wheel to zero. Then turn the viewing eyepiece fully anticlockwise and look down the eyepiece,…
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 1 Introduction: a book for ophthalmologists Refraction, like most practical skills, is an art with a scientific basis. Once mastered, it is satisfying…
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 8 Final tips for the exam More than 2 months before the exam Read this book! Read the Refraction Certificate Examination application details…
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 7 Lens neutralisation It is possible to establish the spectacle distance and near prescription (and also prismatic component) of a pair of bifocal…
