Adrenergic Agents: Blockers and Agonists
12 Adrenergic Agents Blockers and Agonists Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM Topical beta-blockers decrease aqueous humor formation (AHF)1,2 and are used long term in the…
Topical Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
15 Topical Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Pratap Challa, MD, MS and Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) have been used for glaucoma therapy since 1954, following the description…
Prostaglandin Analogs
16 Prostaglandin Analogs Angela Turalba, MD, MMS and Douglas J. Rhee, MD Unoprostone was the first commercially available prostaglandin analog (PGA) and was introduced in the mid-1990s. Latanoprost, bimatoprost, and…
The Miotics
13 The Miotics Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM Miotics, or more appropriately termed muscarinic (cholinergic-acting) agonists, have been used in the treatment of the glaucomas…
Practical Aqueous Humor Dynamics
3 Practical Aqueous Humor Dynamics Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; Rachel L. Anderson, MD; Malik Y. Kahook, MD; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM CLINICAL RELEVANCE Aqueous Humor Formation Aqueous…
Introduction
1 Introduction Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; Rachel L. Anderson, MD; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM THE PROBLEM The study of glaucoma can be both clinically satisfying and intellectually…
The Patient’s History: Symptoms of Glaucoma
4 The Patient’s History Symptoms of Glaucoma Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; Rachel L. Anderson, MD; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM SYMPTOMS Blurred Vision With Haloes When intraocular pressure…
Pathologic Findings
3 Pathologic Findings Lid Anatomy and Physiology Increased Lid Tension and Blepharospasm Ptosis Lid Swelling and Edema Infectious Blepharitis, Squamous Blepharitis, Ulceration Lid injury Conjunctiva Anatomy and Physiology Tarsal…
Patient Counseling and Examination
2 Patient Counseling and Examination Patient Counseling History Taking Examination General Lid Conjunctiva Cornea Inner Eye Intraocular Pressure Refractive Error and Visual Acuity Binocular Vision Inspection of Contact Lenses…
Visual Impairment
4 Visual Impairment Visual Impairment Causes of Visual Impairment Changes in Refraction Permanent Visual Impairment Intermittent Visual Impairment Glare Causes of Glare Diagnostic Evaluation of Visual Impairment and Glare…
