Fig. 6.1 North Carolina macular dystrophy (NCMD) (MCDR1). Colour fundus photographs showing both the typical drusen-associated phenotype that can be seen in NCMD (above) and the characteristic grade 3 pigmented…
Fig. 5.1 Family 1: two affected daughters, (a–d) mother (e, f), and their 64-year-old mother. (a) Fundus color the left eye (LE) of 36-year-old female: juxtapapillary drusen and some drusen…
Fig. 2.1 Adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFVD). (a) Color fundus photograph of a 69-year-old male diagnosed with AFVD. The visual acuity was 0.8 in each eye. Patient was negative for…
Fig. 11.1 RdCVF preserves the morphology of the cone outer segment in P23H rat: (d) untreated control retina and (h) RdCVF-treated retina (Modified from Yang et al. [63]) 11.4 Retinal…
Fig. 7.1 Bilateral characteristic drusen-like deposits seen in Sorsby fundus dystrophy with areas of macular atrophy Fig. 7.2 Choroidal neovascular membrane complicating Sorsby fundus dystrophy The differential diagnosis includes disorders…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Overdosing is the most important factor contributing to 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR). Proper interpretation of ancillary test results…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The most important purpose of 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR) screening, detecting overdosing, requires no ancillary testing. However, a…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Reviewing the preclinical science relevant to the mechanisms and risk factors for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy can…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Over 80 % of patients taking 4-aminoquinolines (4AQs) have risk factors for retinopathy. The most important risk…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract In the United States, screening for 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR) is the standard of care. In this environment,…
