(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Over 80 % of patients taking 4-aminoquinolines (4AQs) have risk factors for retinopathy. The most important risk…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract In the United States, screening for 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR) is the standard of care. In this environment,…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The 4-aminoquinolines are weak bases that are completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, sequestered in peripheral tissues,…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The 4-aminoquinolines are predictably toxic at high enough concentrations. Toxicity in all tissues derives from derangement of…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Lack of agreement in defining 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy has impeded progress in understanding and preventing the condition. There…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Screening for 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR) became common internationally in the 1960s when inappropriately high doses of chloroquine…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The prevalence of 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy has not been scientifically determined, but flawed data indicate that the prevalence…
Fig. 38.1 The typical appearance of “adenoid facies” with increased anterior facial height, narrow facial width, open-mouthed posture, and an incompetent and short upper lip. However, these facial features are…
Fig. 34.1 Nasal skeleton of a fetus (8 cm) in oblique side view (Peter 1913) In the sixth fetal month, ingrowth of connective tissue divides the cartilaginous nasal capsule into…
Fig. 35.1 The facial profile of a 3-month-old boy (a) and his father (b). Proportional differences between the facial and brain skull of father and son. The baby face shows…
