Fig. 2.1 (a) Granulomatous inflammation with giant cell reaction (arrow) (H&E ×100). (b) Higher magnification to show epithelioid cells (arrow) and lymphomononuclear surrounding the Langerhans giant cell (H&E ×200) Ocular…
Fig. 14.1 (a) Clinical picture of a patient (case 1) with a swelling along the right orbital rim and erythema of the skin. (b) CECT orbits (axial cut) of case…
Bacterial Pseudomonas aeruginosa Actinomyces species Nocardia species Mycobacterium species Fungal Fusarium species Aspergillus species Viral Herpes simplex virus Varicella-zoster virus Tubercular scleritis is a rare and unique form of extrapulmonary…
Fig. 8.1 Color fundus photography of a 34-year-old female diagnosed with tubercular multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis (TB MSC). The lesion appears confluent and yellowish white and is involving the posterior pole…
Optic nerve involvements Number of eyes (n = 62) Percentage involved (%) Papillitis 32 51.6 Neuroretinitis 9 14.5 Optic nerve tubercle 7 11.3 Compressive optic neuropathy 5 8.1 Retrobulbar neuritis…
Mechanism Clinical manifestation Immune reaction to tubercular antigens Phlyctenulosis Interstitial keratitis Tissue invasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Nodular scleritis Conjunctival Tuberculosis M. tuberculosis may affect any structure of the eye or…
Author Year Place Percentage of ocular TB in pulmonary TB patients Bouza et al. [2] 1997 Spain 18 Lara et al. [3] 2013 Philippines 6.8 Beare et al. [4] 2002…
Fig. 11.1 Colour fundus photograph of the right eye (a) shows a subretinal abscess involving the macula. Fine needle aspiration biopsy revealed MTB. Post-treatment colour fundus photograph (b) of the…
Fig. 4.1 Chest radiograph in pulmonary tuberculosis . (a) Left upper zone consolidation and cavitation. (b) Right upper zone infiltrates and foci of consolidation Diagnostic Approach The traditional bacteriologic diagnostic…
Measurement of induration (mm) Interpretation <5 Negative result ≥5 Positive result in individuals who are: HIV positive End-stage renal failure patients Organ transplant recipients and other immunosuppressed patients on cytotoxic…
