Pericyte loss, microaneurysm formation, breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier, and capillary nonperfusion impair the nutrition of the neuroglial tissues in the retinal parenchyma, and the resultant hypoxia increases expression of…
Uveitis is an umbrella term for a variety of inflammatory eye conditions. It is a major cause of severe visual impairment worldwide and affects not only the uvea but also…
Introduction Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel2) is a progressive neurogliovascular macular dystrophy starting in the fifth decade of life and evolving progressively toward macular atrophy.1 When the disease becomes symptomatic,…
Retinal venous occlusive disease (RVO) is characterized by vascular changes, which include dilation and engorgement of central or branch retinal veins, retinal hemorrhages, accumulation of intraretinal or subretinal fluid, and…
Fundus fluorescein angiography (FA), the current gold standard for diagnosing neovascular AMD, is an invasive dye-based imaging modality that requires an intravenous administration of contrast followed by interval fundus photography…
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a disorder characterized by serous detachment of the neurosensory retina, sometimes accompanied by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) detachment.1,​2 The serous detachment is caused by leakage…
Spectral Domain and Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), with the ability to visualize vasculature in vivo without the injection of dye, represents an exciting advancement in…
AMD can be classified into two forms: nonneovascular (dry) and neovascular (wet or exudative). Nonneovascular or dry AMD accounts for 85 to 90% of all cases of AMD. Dry AMD…
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Fibrotic Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Eric Souied and Alexandra Miere Summary Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) reveals, in the majority of cases, distinctive,…
Surgical Anatomy Numerous flap designs have been described in the literature to close septal perforations. Advancement or rotation of mucoperichondrial/mucoperiosteal tissue from the nasal septum or nasal floor has been…
