5 Collagen and Healing
Christiaan Marshall Heersink and Irene Ludwig Summary Connective tissue and its collagen support are critical to the functioning of the extraocular muscles, intrinsically within the muscles themselves, as well as…
7 Complications of Strabismus Surgery
Malcolm Ing Summary Infections following strabismus surgery may be mild (conjunctivitis), moderate (orbital cellulitis), or severe (endophthalmitis). Although rare, orbital cellulitis and endophthalmitis may result in vision loss—a potentially devastating…
3 The Use of Testing, Consultants, and Intraoperative Assessment
Irene Ludwig Summary The overuse of tests and consultants is a common problem in medicine, and the strabismus field is no exception. This may cost the patient time, possible unwarranted…
4 Surgical Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles
Robert Clark Summary Current surgical approaches overemphasize repositioning the tendinous insertions of the extraocular muscles (EOMs), neglecting key concepts about EOM anatomy that provide the foundation for both innovations in…
1 The History of Strabismus Surgery
Paul Mitchell Summary Strabismus has been evident and documented at least since 2723 BC. Various perforated masks and glasses have been used in an attempt to realign the eyes, without…
2 The History and Examination in Strabismus
Irene Ludwig and Everett Moody Summary Diagnosing strabismus begins with a thorough history. The taking of a good medical history is an important acquired skill, which should not be relegated…
57 Facial Paralysis in the Pediatric Patient
Eyal Gur, Daniel J. Kedar Summary The face through facial expressions is the center of our entire emotional life. Facial nerve paralysis is a devastating condition with profound functional, aesthetic…
59 Otoplasty
David Leshem, Sivan Zissman Summary Prominent ear is a relatively common disorder, which can be caused by different anatomical variations. Preoperative evaluation should include the child’s capability of understanding and…
58 Free Flap Transfers in Head-and-Neck Reconstructions of Pediatric Patients
David Ben-Nun, Ravit Yanko, Arik Zaretski, Dan M. Fliss, Nidal Muhanna Summary Free flap transfer in reconstructive head-and-neck microsurgeries in the pediatric patient is overall a rare and underreported phenomenon…
56 Regional and Local Flaps in Children
Justin Loloi, Meghan Wilson, Jessyka G. Lighthall Summary When primary closure of facial defects is not an option, local and regional flaps are instrumental to re-establishing function and providing a…
