Endonasal Transethmoidal Approach (Medial Orbitotomy) H.-J. Welkoborsky This is a classic rhinosurgical approach. 18.2.1 Indications The indications for this approach are peribulbar and intraconal retrobulbar space-occupying masses, abscesses, aspergillomas, or vascular…
Observations on Classification The orbit is affected by diverse diseases with a significant emphasis on inflammatory reactive changes ( ▶ Table 9.1). Table 9.1 Distribution of orbital diseases (Rootman, 1988) Disease…
Principles of Orbital Reconstruction Both congenital and acquired orbital deformities can necessitate reconstructive treatment of the orbit. However, this does not mean that functional impairments, such as diplopia, are always…
Technique 14.2.1 Percutaneous Radiotherapy (External Beam Radiotherapy) Linear accelerators are used in the main to produce ultrahard photon or electron radiation for percutaneous radiation (external beam radiotherapy, EBRT) Occasionally, X-ray tubes…
Evaluation/Diagnosis As seen already in other chapters, when presented with an orbital mass the treating clinician must first decide whether the mass is an infectious or inflammatory condition, or whether…
Clinical Anatomy Reference should be made to Chapter ▶ 1 for an understanding of the significant clinical anatomy pertinent to anesthesiological care. The optic nerve consists of the bundled axons…
Meningiomas of the Frontal Skull Base and the Orbit Intracranial meningiomas are very common, accounting for 25 to 30% of all primary intracranial tumors; they frequently involve the orbital structures…
Congenital Orbital Malformations Malformations of the eyes, the orbits, and their surrounding tissues can be congenital or acquired. Congenital deformities occur in isolation, in combination, or as a component of…
Intraorbital Hemorrhages 6.2.1 Iatrogenic Hemorrhage due to Endonasal Surgery of the Sinuses Intraoperative or postoperative bleeding into the orbit can be caused by sinus surgery. This can result in an orbital…
The Orbit as a Closed Bony Compartment The orbit consists of several bony structures. The orbital content is extensively surrounded by a bony shell, which while it gives protection against…
