Fig. 5.1 Normal enlargement of the frontal and maxillary sinus cavities with increasing age (1–12 = age in years; A adult, N neonate) An anaerobic environment can compromise oxidative transport-dependent…
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018Michael T. Yen and Thomas E. Johnson (eds.)Orbital Cellulitis and Periorbital Infectionshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62606-2_14 14. Intracranial Complications of Orbital Cellulitis Karolyn Au1 and Jacques J. Morcos1 (1) Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller…
Fig. 1.1 Orbital cellulitis on the right side presenting with significant upper and lower eyelid edema (Image courtesy of Michael T. Yen, M.D.) The classification of orbital cellulitis can be…
Fig. 7.1 (a) Figure demonstrating normal sinus anatomy. (b) Figure demonstrating concha bullosa and large infraorbital ethmoid cell causing obstruction of the ostiomeatal complex Environmental irritants, such as allergens and…
Fig. 6.1 (a) T1-weighted coronal MRI scan showing a large superior orbital abscess (arrow) on the left side associated with sinusitis. (b) T2-weighted coronal MRI scan showing obstruction of the…
Fig. 3.1 Schematic for mechanisms of visual loss from orbital cellulitis in relation to an illustration of the visual pathways. (1) Angle closure glaucoma. External photograph showing conjunctival injection and…
Fig. 1.1 For EMG-guided injection of botulinum toxin, the needle has to be hollow. The shaft of the needle is insulated except the tip. For a bipolar recording, the reference…
OnabotulinumtoxinA AbotulinumtoxinA IncobotulinumtoxinA RimabotulinumtoxinB CBTX-A Bonta Commercial name Botox®, Botox Cosmetic®, Vistabel®, Vistabex® Dysport®, Reloxin®, Azzalure® Xeomin®/Bocouture® Myobloc®, NeuroBloc® Prosigne®, Lantox® Neuronox® Company Allergan Inc. Medicis Pharmaceutical Group Merc…
Reasons for immobility of vocal folds Comment Palsy/paresis/paralysis Most frequent reason Lesion of recurrent nerve Lesion of vagal nerve Movement impairment of arytenoid cartilage/cricothyroid joint abnormalities/ankyloses (Sub)luxation (e.g. after emergency…
Fig. 7.1 Cernea’s classification of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) In 1992 Cernea [4] classified the EBSLN into three types: Type 1: Nerve crossing the superior…
