How to refract
Figure 4.1 Correct fitting of a trial frame with each pupil in the centre of each aperture, both horizontally and vertically. Back vertex distance Place a lens (of any value)…
What does refractive error mean?
Figure 3.1 Emmetropia: light from a distant object forms an image on the retina Refractive error (ametropia) ‘Refractive error’ (ametropia) means that an eye does not allow light from a…
How to use a focimeter
Figure 6.1 A focimeter Recording distance prescription Turn the focimeter on and set the focusing wheel to zero. Then turn the viewing eyepiece fully anticlockwise and look down the eyepiece,…
Introduction: a book for ophthalmologists
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 1 Introduction: a book for ophthalmologists Refraction, like most practical skills, is an art with a scientific basis. Once mastered, it is satisfying…
Final tips for the exam
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 8 Final tips for the exam More than 2 months before the exam Read this book! Read the Refraction Certificate Examination application details…
Lens neutralisation
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 7 Lens neutralisation It is possible to establish the spectacle distance and near prescription (and also prismatic component) of a pair of bifocal…
Retinoscopy of a model eye
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 5 Retinoscopy of a model eye The Refraction Certificate Examination may require you to complete objective refraction (retinoscopy) of a model eye within…
The Refraction Certificate Examination
Room 2 Station 4: Cycloplegic retinoscopy 3 – first eye of a patient. Station 5: Cycloplegic retinoscopy 4 – second eye of the same patient. Station 6: Lens neutralisation with…
Examination and Diagnosis of the Pediatric Patient
SECTION V Special Topics 20 Examination and Diagnosis of the Pediatric PatientMARY ELIZABETH HARTNETT Pediatric Retinal Examination What Are Signs of Retinal Disease in Infants and Children? In many retinal…
Noninfectious Inflammation
19 Noninfectious InflammationRONALD BUGGAGE Categorizing Uveitis How Is Uveitis Defined? Strictly speaking, uveitis is defined as inflammation of the uvea that is composed of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid….
