Clinical background Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness and is estimated to affect approximately 67 million people worldwide. The pathological correlate of disease is the loss of retinal…
Clinical background Glaucoma is a disease characterized by “a progressive, chronic optic neuropathy in adults where IOP [intraocular pressure] and other unknown factors contribute to damage and which in the…
Clinical background Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma, particularly in populations with European and African ancestry. This disease is the leading cause of blindness in…
Overview Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and its potential sequela, pigmentary glaucoma (PG), are characterized by disruption of the iris pigment epithelium (IPE) and subsequent deposition of the dispersed pigment throughout…
Clinical background Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only proven method of preventing the onset and progression of glaucoma, yet the role of IOP in the disease remains controversial. This…
Overview A consensus from the recent International Dry Eye Workshop revised the definition of dry-eye disease to: “Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that…
In 2007, the Report of the International Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) defined dry eye as “a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort,…
Clinical background Herpetic keratitis usually results from infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in adults and by HSV-2 in neonates. Occasionally the cause is varicella-zoster virus (VZV), either…
Overview Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate normal physiological processes such as carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. However, GCs are most often used therapeutically because of their broad anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities (…
Clinical relevance of lipids in the tear film Lipids play a critical role in the health of the eyelids and the tear film. Abnormalities of these lipids are common in…
