Ento Key

Overview Sarcoidosis (from the Greek, meaning “tumor-like”) is a systemic inflammatory condition that may affect many organs. Its hallmark is the noncaseating granuloma, a nonspecific but highly suggestive pathologic finding….

Introduction Scleritis is a rare inflammatory disease which affects the sclera and its adjacent structures such as the episclera, uvea, and cornea. Scleritis can cause severe, disabling pain, destruction of…

Overview Uveitis can be infectious or noninfectious in origin. Although the most common etiology of uveitis is considered to be immune-mediated in developed countries, there remain many cases of uveitis…

Overview A deeper appreciation of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying uveitis, or intraocular inflammation involving the uveal tract (i.e., iris, ciliary body, choroid), has contributed to our abilities to treat these…

The field of retinal prosthetics began about 20 years ago, largely because of advances in microelectronic technology which permitted the development of electronically sophisticated devices that were small enough to…

Clinical background Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is defined as the “growth of membranes on both surfaces of the detached retina and on the posterior surface of the detached vitreous gel.” The…

Clinical background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide and develops after birth in preterm infants, especially those born at less than 1500 g birth weight…

Clinical background Acute retinal necrosis (ARN), which was first reported by Urayama and colleagues, occurs rarely but is a potentially blinding disorder. Most cases of ARN are unilateral, although approximately…

Overview Paraneoplastic retinopathies (PRs) represent visual dysfunctions and retinal degeneration associated with known or suspect malignancies, without direct involvement of the eye. PRs are believed to originate from an autoimmune…

Clinical background Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a rare intraocular inflammation that presents as a bilateral diffuse granulomatous uveitis following penetrating trauma or ocular surgery involving one eye. Following trauma to…