Parathyroid Pathology
Fig. 30.1 Common ectopic locations for parathyroid glands . (a) Intrathyroidal; (b) Intrathymic The typical parathyroid gland is a thinly encapsulated ovoid gland measuring roughly 6 mm in greatest dimension,…
Surgery for Ectopic Parathyroid
Fig. 25.1 Parathyroid adenoma identified on office ultrasound Fig. 25.2 Posteriorly descended left superior parathyroid adenoma on ultrasound The abnormal inferior parathyroid gland is generally easier to image with ultrasound…
Parathyroid Physiology and Molecular Biology
Fig. 4.1 Bioactive vitamin D activates the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which interacts with a neighboring retinoic acid receptor. This complex then binds to the vitamin D response element (VDRE)…
CT Imaging for Parathyroid Disease
Fig. 14.1 Non-enhanced, arterial, and venous-phase (left to right) axial CT images from a 4DCT in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism shows an ovoid parathyroid adenoma posterior to the right…
Intraoperative Parathyroid Ultrasound
Fig. 23.1 Left inferior parathyroid adenoma abutting left common carotid artery and dorsal to left thyroid lobe. Transverse view. CCA common carotid artery, IJV internal jugular vein, SH/ST sternohyoid and…
Technologist’s Perspective of Parathyroid Scintigraphy
Fig. 40.1 It is important to examine the patient’s neck for any masses or signs of prior surgery before the patient is imaged. Also, when imaging, the patient’s chin should…
Complications of Parathyroid Surgery
Fig. 46.1 Vascular supply of the parathyroid glands and relationship with the thyroid gland and recurrent laryngeal nerve. Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Edition 2, Greg W. Randolph,…
Minimally Invasive Radioguided Parathyroidectomy
Serum calcium >12.0 mg/dL 24-h Urinary calcium >400 mg/day Episode of life-threatening hypercalcemia Creatinine clearance decreased by ≥30 % Nephrolithiasis Age <50 years Osteitis fibrosa cystica Osteoporosis Neuromuscular symptoms Preoperative…
Parathyroid Carcinoma
Fig. 31.1 Gross pathology specimen of a parathyroid carcinoma. The tumor was pushing and displacing the thyroid gland but not invading it. The right thyroid lobe was removed regardless due…
Outpatient Parathyroidectomy
Fig. 37.1 Cervical ultrasound demonstrating a right inferior parathyroid adenoma (a) Transverse view; (b) Longitudinal view Sestamibi Scintigraphy Sestamibi (six methoxyisobutylisonitrile) is a monovalent lipophilic cation that diffuses passively across…
