Imaging of the Orbit
Conventional Radiography A. Pangalu and A. Valavanis Conventional radiography of the orbit can be performed with a survey radiograph of the paranasal sinuses in an occipitomental view (paranasal sinus radiograph…
Lid Surgery in Orbital Disorders
Anatomy The anatomy of the eyelids has been discussed in detail in previous chapters. This chapter touches briefly upon the relevant surgical anatomy with reference to lid surgery. The main…
Clinical Examination in Patients with Orbital Diseases
Case History An accurate recording of the patient´s history will gather significant information that will determine further diagnostic investigation and work-up. It is important to gain information on the following…
Endocrine Orbitopathy
Etiology Endocrine orbitopathy (EO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’s disease and/or autoimmune thyroid disease. The EO can occur before, during, or after the onset of the thyroid…
Tumors of the Orbit and the Eye
Retinoblastoma Epidemiology The retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor in childhood, with an incidence of approximately one new case in 18–20,000 live births/year. Thus in Germany there are 60…
Diseases of the Eyelids and the Eye
Inflammatory Diseases Hordeolum/Chalazion A hordeolum is an acute bacterial infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid. If the sebaceous glands adjoining the ciliary follicles are infected, it is termed…
Surgery of the Lacrimal Drainage System
Anatomical Considerations The tear film is important for the integrity of the ocular surface and thus for sight. It consists of three parts: mucin, water, and lipid, which are produced…
Topographical Anatomy of the Orbit
Topographical Anatomy of the Orbit 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Shape, Borders, Orifices, and Topographical Relations 1.3 Protective Apparatus of the Eye 1.4 Contents of the Orbit 1.5 Topography of Pathways Located…
Traumatology and Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
Cause Frequency Falls 10–38% Sports accidents 5–31% Assaults 4–41% Traffic accidents 12–59% Work accidents 0.8–5% Others 0.8–3% Injury mechanisms are highly dependent on locoregional features. While in Innsbruck (Austria) and…
Surgical Approaches to the Orbit
Endonasal Transethmoidal Approach (Medial Orbitotomy) H.-J. Welkoborsky This is a classic rhinosurgical approach. 18.2.1 Indications The indications for this approach are peribulbar and intraconal retrobulbar space-occupying masses, abscesses, aspergillomas, or vascular…
