Cyclovertical Heterophoria Uncorrected cyclovertical heterophorias frequently cause symptoms that prompt patients to seek visual care; yet, many practitioners are uncomfortable managing such deviations. Some reasons for the reluctance to prescribe…
Refractive Amblyopia Included among the amblyopic patients are those whose amblyopia results from uncorrected refractive errors. Such amblyopia is of particular clinical importance because of its prevalence, prognosis, and relative…
Fusional Vergence, Voluntary Convergence, and Antisuppression Fusional Vergence Procedures: Anaglyphs, Polaroids, and Liquid Crystal Filters VARIABLE VECTOGRAMS Objectives Increase the amplitude of negative fusional vergence (NFV) and positive fusional vergence…
Introduction and General Concepts This chapter provides detailed information and guidelines for vision therapy, and Chapters 6, 7, 8 describe a select group of vision therapy procedures for the treatment…
Eye Movement Disorders This chapter discusses the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of fixational, saccadic, and pursuit eye movement disorders. We use the term ocular motor dysfunction to refer to the…
Accommodative Dysfunction Many authors have suggested that anomalies of accommodation are commonly encountered in optometric practice.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 Hokoda7 studied a sample of 119 symptomatic patients and found that accommodative dysfunction was…
High Accommodative Convergence to Accommodation Conditions: Convergence Excess and Divergence Excess This chapter discusses the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of nonstrabismic binocular disorders associated with a high accommodative convergence to…
Normal AC/A Conditions: Fusional Vergence Dysfunction, Basic Esophoria, and Basic Exophoria Introduction This chapter discusses the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of nonstrabismic binocular disorders associated with a normal accommodative convergence…
Ocular Motility Procedures Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors LOOSE PRISM JUMPS Objectives The objectives of loose prism jumps are to improve the accuracy and speed of saccadic eye movements. The procedure…
Low AC/A Conditions: Convergence Insufficiency and Divergence Insufficiency This chapter discusses the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of nonstrabismic binocular disorders associated with a low accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratio….
