Ento Key

Visual acuity is a measure of the keenness of sight. The Egyptians used the ability to distinguish double stars as a measure of visual acuity more than 5000 years ago….

Introduction Vision is our most developed sense and unsurprisingly a substantial amount of brain processing is devoted to it, with over half the primate brain involved in vision-related processing. A…

The ability to perceive color is a highly valued sensory capacity, and it has been a subject of experimental inquiry for over 200 years. Prior to the development of modern…

Introduction The two optic nerves carry the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and along these axons transmit all of the visual information from the inner retina ( Chapter 23…

The lateral geniculate nucleus: the gateway to conscious visual perception Conscious perception requires the visual information that passes through the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in primates. Although the retina…

The role of the central visual pathways is to process and integrate visual information that travels to the brain by means of the optic nerves. Although the eye is responsible…

Introduction The electroretinogram (ERG) is a useful tool for objective, non-invasive assessment of retinal function both in the clinic and the laboratory. It is a mass electrical potential that represents…

The pupillary opening appears to occupy a central location, but if carefully measured, it is actually situated slightly inferior and nasal to the center of the cornea. Thus, the pupil…

Overview In the past decade, compelling evidence has emerged for a novel class of photoreceptors in the mammalian retina. These neurons are ganglion cells that express the photopigment melanopsin and…

The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is the second synaptic layer of the retina ( Fig. 23.1 ) and the final stage for processing visual information before it leaves the eye….