10.1055/b-0038-162796 8.9 Genetics and Syndromes Congenital anomalies, whether single or multiple, can be induced by environmental and teratogenic insults as well as chromosomal or single-gene defects. This chapter includes only…
10.1055/b-0038-162795 8.8 Pierre Robin′s Sequence Key Features Pierre Robin′s sequence requires the presence of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and usually a cleft palate (frequently U-shaped). Infants present with airway obstruction, because the…
10.1055/b-0038-162794 8.7 Subglottic Stenosis Key Features The subglottis is the narrowest part of the infant airway. Acquired subglottic stenosis is most commonly found; the most common related factor is intubation….
10.1055/b-0038-162793 8.6 Vascular Rings Key Features The trachea and esophagus are completely or incompletely surrounded by vascular structures. Compression of the trachea, the bronchi, and/or the esophagus may occur. Most…
10.1055/b-0038-162792 8.5 Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia Key Features Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and esophageal atresia (EA) are the result of a congenital communication between the trachea and esophagus. EA is…
10.1055/b-0038-162791 8.4 Laryngeal Clefts Key Features Laryngeal clefts are a rare congenital anomaly. They are frequently associated with other anomalies. Clinical presentation varies with the extent of the cleft. The…
10.1055/b-0038-162790 8.3 Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis Key Features Bilateral vocal fold paralysis is the second most common cause of infantile stridor. It typically requires a tracheotomy for maintenance of airway…
10.1055/b-0038-162789 8.2 Laryngomalacia Key Features Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in infants (accounts for ~ 75% of infantile stridor). Often self-limited; most patients are symptom-free by 12…
10.1055/b-0038-162788 8.1 Pediatric Airway Evaluation and Management Key Features The airway is relatively narrower and more tenuous in children. The potential for airway emergency is high. Many conditions causing respiratory…
