Laryngeal barriers to tumor spread are a product of laryngeal development, anatomic barriers, and enzymatic activity. Supraglottic and glottic/subglottic development is distinct and partially explains the metastatic behavior of laryngeal…

Key points • Preoperative counseling for patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) should include a frank discussion regarding the risks, benefits, alternatives, and expectations of the proposed intervention. • A…

This article focuses on the rare and obscure complications of endoscopic sinus surgery. The majority of surgeons will not encounter these complications in their practice, but should be aware of…

Key points • Routine use of image-guided surgery in functional endoscopic sinus surgery has not been definitively found to decrease risk of major complications. • There seem to be significant…

Key points • The anterior, inferior portion of the maxillary sinus may harbor diseased tissue that cannot be addressed medically and may be difficult to access endoscopically. In this situation,…

Complications occur during and after endoscopic sinus surgery. Complications leading to temporary or most commonly permanent injury often are involved in litigation for malpractice. This article concentrates on areas of…

As otolaryngologists, we prescribe many medications to our patients. The objective of this article is to review the potential side effects and medicolegal risks of the common medications used to…

Risk is inherent with all surgical procedures. Most endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is uncomplicated. Among the many complications inherent with ESS are the neurologic complications, which include cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea,…

Major complications during endoscopic sinus surgery are rare and occur in 0.36% to 3.1% of patients. Postoperative hemorrhage accounts for 23% to 39% of complications. Despite being rare, major hemorrhage…