Fig. 8.1 The neurophysiological model The neurophysiological model is based on the idea that conditioned fear responses elicited by the tinnitus precept are the cause for tinnitus becoming bothersome. 8.3.3…
Fig. 2.1 Distribution of MR and GR in the cochlear tissues. OHC outer hair cells, IHC inner hair cells, DC Deiters cells, IP inner pillar cells, OP outer pillar cells,…
Fig. 3.1 The types of mental disorders found in tinnitus patients (Zirke et al. 2013a). Every other tinnitus patient was diagnosed with one or more mental conditions. Reprinted from Qual…
Fig. 9.1 Correspondence between patient-reported symptoms of tinnitus and the diagnostic symptoms of anxiety and depression. Symptoms of tinnitus are based on a qualitative analysis of patient-reported complaints collated by…
Medical conditions Otological, infectious Otitis media, labyrinthitis, mastoiditis Otological, neoplastic Vestibular schwannoma, meningioma Otological, labyrinthine Sensorineural hearing loss, Ménière’s disease, vestibular vertigo Otological, other Impacted cerumen, otosclerosis, presbycusis, noise exposure…
Fig. 2.1 The primate ear. (Reprinted with permission from Fleagle 2013) Early comparative studies of mammalian/primate auditory anatomy were carried out in the nineteenth century (Hyrtl 1845; Doran 1879) and…
Fig. 4.1 Savanna (left panel), riverine forest (middle panel), and rain forest (right panel) differ prominently in terms of vegetation, humidity, wind, and their impacts on sound propagation, attenuation, and…
Fig. 8.1 The human evolutionary tree, indicating the temporal span of existence for different fossil hominin taxa. Each genus is represented by a different color. Species in genera other than…
Fig. 7.1 An example of two merge: A lexical item (“the”) is merged with a set previously formed by merge (black circle: sudden macromutation). Abbreviations: N, noun; Adj, adjective; Det,…
Fig. 5.1 Diversity of morphotypes in basal primates. Displayed are representatives of the Strepsirrhini: (A) the nocturnal Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis, Daubentoniidae); (B) the diurnal Coquerel’s sifaka (Propithecus coquereli, Indriidae); (C)…
