Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a state-dependent phenomenon in which the pharyngolarynx undergoes repetitive obstruction. For the otolaryngologist, the ability to phenotype the specific site(s), anatomic structures, and patterns…

Acknowledgments I acknowledge Hyunjoo Park for the illustrations in this chapter. Introduction The hypopharynx is a complex anatomic region that begins at the level of the hyoid and terminates at…

Introduction First-line surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in both pediatric and adult patients is adenotonsillectomy and has often been uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in adults. When initial medical or surgical treatment…

Introduction The hypopharynx is the inferior-most portion of the pharynx, bounded by the oropharynx superiorly and the esophagus inferiorly. The hypopharynx is intimately related to the larynx, both anatomically and…

Introduction Penetrating trauma to the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus is a potentially life-threatening injury, which may be the result of iatrogenic injury, accidental impalement, or assault. Multiple routine procedures and…

Introduction Disorders of the esophagus present a challenge to the otolaryngologist owing to the broad variety of pathology and oftentimes nonspecific nature of patient complaints. Using a mirror, Bozzini in…

Introduction While radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), surgical resection of the recurrent cancer with the adjacent mucosal wall (nasopharyngectomy)…

Introduction The facial translocation approach (FTA) for access to the cranial base was first described in the late 1980s by Dr. Ivo P. Janecka and colleagues at the University of…

Introduction Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous cell carcinoma of an undifferentiated type. This cancer is endemic among Chinese, having the highest incidence of 10 to 20 per 100,000 for…

Introduction The transcervical approach to the oropharynx and hypopharynx provides excellent exposure for the removal of a variety of lesions. The lateral pharyngectomy approach was first described by Cheever in…