Chemodenervation Kenneth R. Neufeld, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION Chemodenervation for cosmetic purposes is used primarily to treat facial wrinkles or rhytides. Rhytides can be divided into static and dynamic types. Static…

Aging Changes of the Face Michael Richard, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION The aging process is universal, yet it is complicated, and the changes associated with aging are individual. The perception of…

Socket Reconstruction Nicholas Ramey, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION Socket reconstruction generally refers to efforts to rehabilitate an anophthalmic socket, preparing it to accept an ocular or orbital prosthesis. Several classification schemes…

Evisceration and Enucleation Ernest Skidmore, MD INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY Enucleation and evisceration should be considered in cases of severe trauma with essentially no chance for visual recovery, in cases of…

Exenteration Suzanne Michalak, MD • Jason Liss, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION Exenteration is an extensive procedure involving removal of the globe, eyelids, and all of the orbital soft tissues en bloc….

Orbital Trauma Parag D. Gandhi, MD, FACS ORBITAL FLOOR FRACTURES Pathophysiology Facial trauma resulting in direct blunt injury to the globe and adnexa, creating retropulsive positive pressure in orbit versus…

Orbital Infections Michelle W. Latting, MD INTRODUCTION Infectious processes of the orbit can develop from contiguous spread from the eyelids, sinuses, face, and oropharynx, or from foreign bodies or secondary…

Orbital Decompression Michael Richard, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION Thyroid eye disease causes a lymphocytic infiltration of orbital muscle and fat with resultant expansion of these tissues from edema and deposition of…

Surgical Approaches to the Orbit E. Jason Sabet-Peyman, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION The orbit is a conical unit consisting of the subperiosteal, intraconal, and extraconal spaces. There are a variety of…

Evaluation of the Orbit Paul S. Riske, MD INTRODUCTION A patient presenting with orbital disease requires a thorough and often multidisciplinary approach to determine the cause of the illness. It…