Strabismus Alex V. Levin Thomas W. Wilson Stephen P. Kraft David Smith Linda Calpa Strabismus can be classified into congenital or acquired forms, as well as comitant versus incomitant entities….

Craniofacial Alex V. Levin Thomas W. Wilson J. Raymond Buncic The craniofacial disorders are characterized by malformation of the cranial vault and/or facial bones. Premature fusion of one or more…

Dermatology Alex V. Levin Thomas W. Wilson David Rootman Elise Héon Dermatologic diseases will often have an associated ophthalmic manifestation because of the common embryologic origin of the ocular structures…

Skeletal Alex V. Levin Thomas W. Wilson Skeletal and connective tissue disorders will often have significant ocular manifestations. The connective tissue disorders are often the result of defects within tissue…

Syndromes Alex V. Levin Thomas W. Wilson Elise Héon The eye is the second most commonly involved organ in systemic syndromes after the central nervous system. Most syndromes are genetic…

Infectious Diseases Alex V. Levin Thomas W. Wilson Nasrin Najm-Tehrani Virtually every infectious disease may affect the eye either through direct infection, hematogenous spread, contiguous spread, or complications related to…

Neurologic Alex V. Levin Thomas W. Wilson J. Raymond Buncic During embryogenesis, the brain and many ocular structures are derived from neuroectoderm. Therefore, many structural abnormalities of the brain will…

Metabolic Alex V. Levin Thomas W. Wilson J. Raymond Buncic Diseases of metabolism are classified according to the type of substance accumulated or absent due to an error in enzyme…

Hematology Alex V. Levin Thomas W. Wilson David Smith Abnormalities in the hematologic system will often have associated ocular diseases or findings. All four major components of the blood (serum,…

Renal Alex V. Levin Thomas W. Wilson Andrew Budning Many diseases have both ocular and renal abnormalities. Metabolic disorders including cystinosis (Chapter 20: Metabolic, Figs. 20.1 and 20.2) and Fabry…