Blepharoptosis: Myopathic, Dysgenetic Key Points Myopathic dysgenetic ptosis results from developmental anomalies during embryogenesis This is the major cause of simple congenital ptosis Dysgenetic congenital ptosis is idiopathic, persistent, and…
Evaluation of Eyelid Lesions Key Points Obtaining a proper medical history is of paramount importance. Current and past illnesses should be reviewed. Rash-like symptoms or past allergic reactions should be…
Blepharoptosis: Mechanical and Pseudoptosis Key Points Mechanical ptosis is caused by a physical obstruction to eyelid elevation in the presence of normal levator muscle function Causes include conjunctival, eyelid, or…
Blepharoptosis, Aponeurotic (Involutional) Key Points Aponeurotic, or involutional ptosis, is caused by levator aponeurosis disinsertion or redundancy with normal levator muscle function, and without any identifiable myopathic or neurogenic cause…
Evaluation of Eyelid Malpositions Key Points The ability to obtain a proper medical history is of paramount importance The time of onset may help discern congenital from acquired cases A…
Anatomy of the Eyelids Key Points In adults, the interpalpebral fissure measures 8 to 10 mm and the horizontal length of the fissure is 30 to 31 mm The eyelid…
Origin and Evolution of the Vertebrate Eyelids and Adnexa In humans, the eyelids form a flexible soft-tissue structure that serves important functions of protecting the cornea from direct injury, adding…
Origin and Evolution of the Vertebrate Eyelids and Adnexa In humans, the eyelids form a flexible soft-tissue structure that serves important functions of protecting the cornea from direct injury, adding…
Eyelid Lesions and Their Origin in Eyelid Tissues There are a great many different types of lesions that occur in the eyelids. Numerous, sometimes confusing names have been applied to…
Embryology of the Eyelid Key Points Prenatal development in humans is divided into two periods: embryonic and fetal During the embryonic period, eyelid morphogenesis is a dynamic process involving complex…
