Distichiasis Key Points Distichiasis is a rare disorder where there is an abnormal growth of eyelashes from the orifices of the meibomian glands behind the normal row of eyelashes Distichiasis…

Congenital Upper and Lower Eyelid Coloboma Key Points A congenital eyelid coloboma is a full-thickness defect that can be unilateral or bilateral It may present with or without corneopalpebral adhesions…

Blepharophimosis Syndrome Key Points Blepharophimosis syndrome is genetically and phenotypically distinct from simple congenital ptosis Blepharophimosis inheritance is usually autosomal dominant, and approximately 75% of cases have a positive family…

Blepharochalasis Key Points Blepharochalasis is a rare eyelid disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of painless eyelid edema, eventually leading to atrophy of periorbital tissues The pathophysiology remains largely unknown, but…

Apraxia of Eyelid Opening Key Points Apraxia is a neurologic movement disorder characterized by the inability to carry out learned, skilled motor acts Apraxia of eyelid opening is characterized by…

Ankyloblepharon Key Points In ankyloblepharon, the eyelid margins are entirely or partially fused by full-thickness bands or partial filiform synechiae Ankyloblepharon can be congenital and can be isolated or syndromic…

Facial Nerve Paralysis Key Points Facial nerve paralysis is a disfiguring facial weakness with various etiologies It is the most common cranial nerve palsy encountered in clinical practice The etiology…

Ablepharon Key Points Ablepharon is a term used to denote the absence or severe shortness of the eyelids It is usually associated with macrostomia and other congenital abnormalities Ablepharon-macrostomia syndrome…

Epiblepharon Key Points Epiblepharon is a developmental anomaly characterized by the presence of a redundant pretarsal skin fold that may extend over the lower eyelid margin Acquired epiblepharon can be…

Entropion, Involutional Key Points Involutional entropion is an in-turning of the eyelid margin against the corneal and conjunctival surfaces It results from horizontal lower eyelid laxity of the lateral canthal…