Almost all patients who enter an ophthalmologist’s office require a determination of the refractive status of their eyes, for either diagnosis or treatment. Only by correcting the patient’s refractive error…

The maintenance of ophthalmic equipment and instruments often becomes the responsibility of one person in the office. Someone may be more technically adept to take on this responsibility. Simplified instructions…

Microbiology is the branch of science that deals with microscopic, unicellular, and cell-cluster organisms. The major microbial categories that may be associated with eye infections are bacteria, viruses, fungi ,…

A history is the story of a patient’s medical disorder. By means of the history, the physician attempts to reconstruct the stages of disease as it has progressed to make…

The study of optics can be divided into three parts: physical, geometric , and physiologic . Physical optics is primarily concerned with the nature and properties of light itself. Geometric…

Introduction Visual function refers to how well the eye and overall visual system work to produce the ability to objectively observe the outside world. Visual impairment refers to any condition…

A well-run office is important not only for the efficiency of the staff but also because it keeps patients essentially happy. The roles of the secretary, bookkeeper, receptionist, and all…

Pharmacology deals with the basic properties of drugs, their actions, their fate in the human body, and their known side effects. This chapter deals primarily with some of the drugs…

Physiology of the eye deals with the function of the eye, its capacities, and its limitations. The actual perception of light takes place in a well-delineated area called the field…

Although the eye is commonly referred to as the globe , it is not really a true sphere. It is composed of two spheres with different radii, one set into…