Fig. 16.1 (a) IHC. Schematic showing immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods. Antigen on the left is coupled with a fluorescently labeled primary antibody, which emits a signal when stimulated with light; antigen…

Fig. 12.1 External photograph showing bluish scleral coloration typical for ocular melanocytosis Ocular melanocytosis is a congenital lesion often visible in the first few weeks of life as irregular areas…

Fig. 13.1 Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Coronal T2-weighted with fat suppression (a) and axial post-contrast T1-weighted (b) and axial ADC map (c) images through the orbit showing an enhancing right orbital mass…

Fig. 1.1 From chromosome to protein As mentioned earlier, the expression of a gene in an organism is called a phenotype . If one copy of the gene is required…

Fig. 18.1 This patient had an initial ptosis repair at 5 months of age with a frontalis suspension procedure on the left upper eyelid. (a) Preoperative and (b) postoperative appearance of…

Fig. 24.1 Basal cell carcinoma . A 17-year-old female with a lateral canthal basal cell carcinoma Histopathologic confirmation of a suspicious lesion can be challenging in the pediatric age group….

Fig. 15.1 A subject with left-sided optic nerve glioma with associated proptosis. The tumor appears mildly hyperintense on T2-weighted images (a) On fat-saturated, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images in the axial (b),…

Fig. 31.1 Relative left proptosis due to left axial myopia (pseudoproptosis). (a) A teenager with a prominent left eye relative to the right side. (b) Worm’s-eye view showing relative left…

1 Sustaining proliferative signalling Conveyed by growth factors usually with tyrosine kinase domains 2 Evading growth suppressors Often involves altering function of two major tumour suppressor genes encoding Rb and…

Fig. 14.1 Juvenile myasthenia gravis . (a) Right eye ptosis and (b) adduction deficit and (c) left eye elevator deficit. The child had physiologic anisocoria As mentioned previously, the most common…