Epicanthus and/or telecanthus Choice of operation Correct large epicanthic folds with a Mustardé double Z -plasty ( 18.1 ). Smaller folds may be corrected with the simpler Y – V…

Introduction Enucleation and evisceration reduce the volume of the tissues within the orbit. To achieve a cosmetic result this volume must be replaced. A large artificial eye may appear satisfactory…

Introduction An alternative to the separate reconstruction of each lamella of an eyelid is to use a flap which combines both lamellae. These flaps are taken only from the lower…

Introduction Neglected ectropion leads to epiphora and secondary cicatricial changes in the skin. A vicious circle is set up which is increasingly difficult to reverse the longer surgery is delayed….

Introduction The emotional distress which frequently accompanies the removal of an eye is reduced considerably by a cosmetic final result. The appearance of the prosthesis will be enhanced and its…

Introduction Although ingrowing lashes are usually only a minor irritant they may cause permanent scarring of the cornea and threaten sight, especially if the cornea is insensitive or the eye…

Introduction Corneal exposure is the most serious sequel to eyelid retraction. It may also occur with the eyelids in a normal position if there is poor closure, especially in the…

Introduction In this chapter a basic set of instruments for ophthalmic plastic surgery is suggested. Extra instruments for particular procedures may be added. 5.1 The basic instruments Fig. 5.1 A…

Introduction A predictable sequence of changes occurs in the face as we age. Early changes are barely discernible and few seek a surgeon’s help. Later, more obvious changes lead to…

Introduction In this chapter many of the techniques of examination used in ophthalmic plastic surgery are described. After taking an accurate history it is helpful to approach the examination in…