Primary open angle glaucoma
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) can be considered a chronic, progressive, anterior optic neuropathy that is accompanied by a characteristic cupping and atrophy of the optic disc, visual field loss, open…
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Introduction to patient management
Despite the fact that there are many different types of glaucoma with different manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities, this chapter summarizes some of the generalizable concepts of glaucoma management….
Clinical interpretation of gonioscopic findings
GRADING OF CHAMBER ANGLE There has been an evolution in the clinical methods used to describe the anterior chamber angle. An earlier scheme described by Scheie emphasized the most posteriorly…
Visual field interpretation
GLAUCOMATOUS CHANGES IN THE VISUAL FIELD Damage in glaucoma can be conveniently divided into two types: structural and functional. Structural damage to the eye is seen as a characteristic abnormality…
Techniques and variables in visual field testing
A number of factors can affect a visual field test other than the disease being studied. It is important to minimize the influence of these variables as completely as possible…
Other psychophysical tests
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma diagnosis and monitoring require assessments of both structure and function of the optic nerve and ganglion cell layer. The traditional tests of these parameters for the past half…
Intraocular pressure
INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE It is possible to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) directly in a living eye using a manometric technique. For this approach a needle is inserted into…
Methods of gonioscopy
DEFINITION Gonioscopy is biomicroscopic examination of the anterior chamber angle of the eye, where aqueous humor gains access to Schlemm’s canal. It enables the glaucomas to be classified into two…
Gonioscopic anatomy
GROSS ANATOMY ANATOMIC FEATURES OF NORMAL EYES The anatomic structures that regulate intraocular pressure (IOP) are contained in the anterior segment of the eye. Behind the rounded apex of the…
Visual field theory and methods
THE NORMAL VISUAL FIELD The normal visual field has been described as an island of vision in a sea of darkness. This island has a sharp central peak, corresponding to…
