Infectious agents may be carried from elsewhere in the body and cause one or more foci of infection in the retina and less often in the choroid in one or…

Noninfectious inflammatory diseases of the retina can be isolated to the retina or be contiguous with its underlying structures, choroid and sclera, or with adjacent structures, optic nerve, vitreous, and…

Retinoblastoma Presenting signs of retinoblastoma include leukocoria (a white pupil), strabismus, hyphema (blood in the anterior chamber), vitreous hemorrhage, and, rarely, a red painful eye ( Figure 13.01 A). Parents…

A variety of tumors, including hamartomas and neoplastic tumors of the choroid, may lead to serous and less often to hemorrhagic detachment of the macula. Examples used in this text…

Diseases affecting primarily the retinal arteries, capillaries, and veins or any combination of the three may be the underlying cause of central vision loss. Angiography provides information concerning alterations in…

Some of the heredodystrophic disorders appear to affect primarily the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and only secondarily the retina (e.g., Best’s disease). Others, such as retinitis pigmentosa, appear to affect…

Diseases that primarily affect the optic nerve may occasionally involve secondarily the macular area or may be mistaken for retinal diseases. Some of the most frequent of these diseases are…

The terms “hamartoma,” “choristoma,” “phacoma (mother spot),” and “nevus” are used to describe benign developmental tumors or placoid lesions. Stedman’s Medical Dictionary defines a hamartoma as: “a focal malformation that…

Diseases affecting primarily the vitreous and vitreoretinal interface are associated with a variety of macular lesions causing loss of central vision. These lesions may be detected ophthalmoscopically and biomicroscopically and…

Berlin’s Edema (Commotio Retinae) After a blunt contusion to the front of the eye, a patient may experience acute visual loss caused by Berlin’s edema (commotio retinae). In this condition…