Blepharoptosis, Neurogenic Key Points Neurogenic ptosis results from any pathologic process that disrupts the neural innervation of either the levator muscle or Müller muscle It is caused by myasthenia gravis,…

Brow Ptosis Key Points Brow ptosis is a common phenomenon in the aging face and results from sagging of the forehead skin and loss of fascial support of the eyebrows…

Histopathologic Terminology The use of descriptive terms in histopathology is a valuable method for standard communication that allows both the pathologist and the clinician to understand specific histologic characteristics of…

Blepharoptosis: Myopathic, Dystrophic, and Mitochondrial Key Points Myopathic ptosis refers to any abnormality in the levator muscle causing a reduction or absence of levator muscle function The group of diseases…

Blepharoptosis: Myopathic, Dysgenetic Key Points Myopathic dysgenetic ptosis results from developmental anomalies during embryogenesis This is the major cause of simple congenital ptosis Dysgenetic congenital ptosis is idiopathic, persistent, and…

Evaluation of Eyelid Lesions Key Points Obtaining a proper medical history is of paramount importance. Current and past illnesses should be reviewed. Rash-like symptoms or past allergic reactions should be…

Blepharoptosis: Mechanical and Pseudoptosis Key Points Mechanical ptosis is caused by a physical obstruction to eyelid elevation in the presence of normal levator muscle function Causes include conjunctival, eyelid, or…

Blepharoptosis, Aponeurotic (Involutional) Key Points Aponeurotic, or involutional ptosis, is caused by levator aponeurosis disinsertion or redundancy with normal levator muscle function, and without any identifiable myopathic or neurogenic cause…

Evaluation of Eyelid Malpositions Key Points The ability to obtain a proper medical history is of paramount importance The time of onset may help discern congenital from acquired cases A…

Anatomy of the Eyelids Key Points In adults, the interpalpebral fissure measures 8 to 10 mm and the horizontal length of the fissure is 30 to 31 mm The eyelid…