1. Describe the clinical features of chloroquine retinopathy. Patients are usually asymptomatic but some may experience difficulties with reading due to paracentral scotomas or metamorphopsia. Because the initial retinal changes…

1. What clues are helpful in determining whether an eyelid lesion is benign or malignant? The size, location, age of onset, rate of growth, and presence of bleeding or ulceration;…

1. How is ptosis classified? Ptosis is classified by either time of onset or etiology. By onset, ptosis is either congenital or acquired. By etiology, ptosis may be neurogenic, aponeurotic,…

1. What is thyroid eye disease? Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the orbits that occurs most often in patients with a systemic thyroid imbalance. Chronic…

1. What is proptosis? Proptosis is a forward protrusion of one or both eyeballs. Unilateral proptosis is frequently defined as asymmetric protrusion of one eye by at least 2 mm….

1. What is amblyopia? Amblyopia may be defined as a potentially reversible loss in visual function (e.g., acuity, contrast sensitivity, motion perception, binocularity), in one or both eyes, that results…

1. What are the indications for cataract surgery? In general, the decision to have cataract surgery is elective. It is based on a patient’s personal needs and the physician’s judgment…

1. What complications may result from local anesthesia for cataract surgery? • Retrobulbar hemorrhage is the most common complication from retrobulbar injection. Blood collects in the retrobulbar space, often causing…