CONCOMITANT ESOTROPIA In a comitant deviation the angle is the same, or nearly the same, for all positions of gaze; the two types are non-accommodative and accommodative. Non-accommodative Early-onset (infantile)…

FACE Facial rash Atopic eczema Signs • Dry, itchy, erythematous thickening of facial skin ( Fig. 15.1 ). Fig. 15.1 Look for • Staphylococcal blepharitis. • Vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis….

DISORDERS OF LASHES Madarosis Signs • Decrease in number or complete loss of lashes. Causes • See Table 1.1 . Table 1.1 Causes of madarosis 1. Local • Chronic anterior…

ANTERIOR UVEITIS Clinical features Acute Signs • Injection – intense and circumcorneal (ciliary – Fig. 8.1 ). Fig. 8.1 • Pupil – small. • Keratic precipitates (KP) – endothelium dusting…

ABNORMAL DISC SIZE Small Hypermetropia Definition • A very common, usually bilateral, condition associated with reduced axial length and smaller than normal scleral canal. Signs • Slightly elevated pink disc…

ABNORMALITIES OF SHAPE Coloboma Definition • A rare, congenital, unilateral or bilateral, condition which may be associated with other defects. Signs • Notching of the inferior or inferotemporal equator with…

CONJUNCTIVITIS Signs of conjunctival inflammation Conjunctival injection The conjunctival vessels are most superficial and thin, and apart from the major arteries and veins, are virtually invisible to the naked eye….

ABNORMAL PUPILLARY REACTIONS Right physiological anisocoria Signs ( Fig. 9.1 ) a. In dim light the right pupil is larger than the left. b. In bright light both pupils constrict…

CLINICAL SIGNS IN ORBITAL DISEASE 1. Bony • Hypertelorism. • Dystopia in which the orbits are not level. • Shallow orbits. 2. Soft tissue • Lid oedema. • Ptosis. •…

VITREOUS CELLS Leucocytes Iridocyclitis Signs • Retrolental cells ( Fig. 11.1 ) seen in association with aqueous cells. Fig. 11.1 Intermediate uveitis Definition • A common, chronic, frequently bilateral but…