1. What is proptosis? Proptosis is a forward protrusion of one or both eyeballs. Unilateral proptosis is frequently defined as asymmetric protrusion of one eye by at least 2 mm….

1. What is amblyopia? Amblyopia may be defined as a potentially reversible loss in visual function (e.g., acuity, contrast sensitivity, motion perception, binocularity), in one or both eyes, that results…

1. What are the indications for cataract surgery? In general, the decision to have cataract surgery is elective. It is based on a patient’s personal needs and the physician’s judgment…

1. What complications may result from local anesthesia for cataract surgery? • Retrobulbar hemorrhage is the most common complication from retrobulbar injection. Blood collects in the retrobulbar space, often causing…

1. What is the differential diagnosis of exotropia? • Congenital exotropia • Sensory exotropia • Third-nerve palsy • Duane’s syndrome • Craniofacial abnormalities with divergent orbit (e.g., Apert’s syndrome or…

1. What is an esodeviation? A convergent deviation, noted by crossing or in-turning of the eyes, is designated by the prefix eso . 2. What are the different types of…

1. How are forced ductions performed? Before beginning surgery, place an eyelid speculum in both eyes. Using one- or two-toothed forceps, grasp the conjunctiva at the limbus. Move the eye…

1. What muscles control the size of the pupil? Describe their innervation. The iris sphincter muscle causes pupillary constriction and is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system. The iris dilator…