1. How is diabetic retinopathy classified? What fundus features are characteristic of each category? • Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR): This form is arbitrarily divided into three categories based on severity:…

1. What are the mechanisms of injury to the fundus in blunt trauma? Blunt trauma to the sclera can produce a direct effect on the underlying choroid and retina. In…

1. What is retinopathy of prematurity? Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative retinal disease that affects infants born prematurely. It has two phases. In the acute phase, normal vascular…

1. What is age-related macular degeneration? Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of significant, irreversible central visual loss in the Western world. It is characterized by age-dependent alterations…

Uveitis in the Immunocompetent Patient 1. What is uveitis? Inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer of the eye, is classified as follows: • Anterior uveitis, anterior segment inflammation predominantly…

1. Describe the clinical features of chloroquine retinopathy. Patients are usually asymptomatic but some may experience difficulties with reading due to paracentral scotomas or metamorphopsia. Because the initial retinal changes…

1. What clues are helpful in determining whether an eyelid lesion is benign or malignant? The size, location, age of onset, rate of growth, and presence of bleeding or ulceration;…

1. How is ptosis classified? Ptosis is classified by either time of onset or etiology. By onset, ptosis is either congenital or acquired. By etiology, ptosis may be neurogenic, aponeurotic,…

1. What is thyroid eye disease? Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the orbits that occurs most often in patients with a systemic thyroid imbalance. Chronic…