OPHTHALMOLOGY
Conjunctiva
Introduction Anatomy The conjunctiva is a transparent mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the globe, terminating at the corneoscleral limbus. It…
Lacrimal drainage system
Introduction Anatomy The lacrimal drainage system consists of the following structures ( Fig. 2.1 ): • The puncta are located at the posterior edge of the lid margin, at the…
Retinal Vascular Disease
Congenital Abnormalities Congenital retinal vascular abnormalities are uncommon and usually benign. The most frequently encountered congenital abnormality is a large aberrant vessel of arterial or venous origin, known as a…
Degeneration
Vitreous Vitreous Synchisis and Syneresis Vitreous degeneration is a physiologic process that occurs with age and may be accelerated in eyes with longer axial length. As the vitreous degenerates, there…
Chorioretinal Toxicities
Introduction Numerous exogenous molecules may cause toxic chorioretinitic effects. Some agents cause disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), while others produce vascular damage within the retina. Certain agents may…
Peripheral Retinal Degenerations and Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Peripheral Retinal Abnormalities Each peripheral retinal abnormality poses a different level of risk for retinal detachment. Some of these lesions may be inconsequential manifestations, whereas others represent a high risk…
Congenital and Developmental Anomalies of the Optic Nerve
Abnormalities of Optic Nerve Size Optic Nerve Hypoplasia Optic nerve hypoplasia appears to be the result of excessive pruning of the optic nerve bundles during its development. The disc is…
Complications of Ocular Surgery
Injections Retrobulbar Anesthetic This patient was about to have juxtafoveal laser photocoagulation for a chronic detachment. A retrobulbar anesthetic was used and the needle penetrated the posterior segment. The yellowish…
