Case Analysis and Classification Several analytical approaches are presented in the optometric literature. Each has its own unique characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Each of these systems also has shortcomings that…
Diagnostic Testing After a thorough case history and determination of the refractive error, the first important step in the management of accommodative, ocular motor, and nonstrabismic binocular vision problems is…
Eyelid Reconstruction following Trauma Nailyn Rasool Lora R. Dagi Glass Summary Eyelid trauma repair can be complex and should be approached in a thorough and systematic manner, beginning with a…
Upper Eyelid Reconstruction Michael K. Yoon Summary The upper eyelid provides the majority of total eyelid movement with eyelid closure and a blink. This emphasizes key points in reconstruction—the upper…
Lateral Canthal Eyelid Reconstruction Daniel R. Lefebvre Summary The lateral canthus is not as anatomically complex as the medial canthus; nonetheless, this region is of major importance to facial cosmesis…
Lower Eyelid Reconstruction N. Grace Lee Summary Cutaneous malignancies commonly occur on the lower eyelid. The eyelids are composed of an anterior and posterior lamella wherein one or both may…
Medial Canthal Eyelid Reconstruction Suzanne K. Freitag Summary Reconstruction of the eyelid medial canthus requires consideration of a number of unique anatomic issues, including the concavity of the region, as…
Mohs Micrographic Surgery for Periorbital Cutaneous Malignancies Molly Yancovitz Sherry H. Yu Jessica Fewkes Summary Mohs surgery is a technique used to treat skin cancers that provides complete margin evaluation…
Periorbital Surgical Principles Victoria Starks Suzanne Freitag Summary Many carefully planned steps are required to yield uneventful surgery with a desired outcome and a satisfied patient. This begins with thoughtful…
Periocular Anatomy Juan C. Jiménez-Pérez Summary A thorough understanding of eyelid and periocular anatomy is crucial for functional and aesthetic success in eyelid reconstruction after trauma, tumor excision, or any…
