Binocular and Accommodative Problems Associated With Learning Problems This chapter is not designed to provide new diagnostic tests or treatment procedures for vision disorders associated with reading problems. The accommodative,…

Interactions Between Accommodation and Vergence Binocular vision dysfunctions occur because of excessive tonic vergence; abnormal interactions of vergence, proximal vergence, and accommodation1; and/or deficient vergence (prism) adaptation.2 Analysis of tonic…

Binocular and Accommodative Problems Associated With Computer Use Among the most frequent health-related problems reported by users of computer video display terminals (VDTs) are those related or attributed to vision….

Binocular and Accommodative Problems Associated With Acquired Brain Injury The treatment of binocular vision, accommodative, and eye movement disorders related to acquired brain injury (ABI) is one of the more…

Fixation Disparity Fixation disparity tests are measures of changes in ocular alignment in response to binocular vergence stimulation or accommodative stress or both.1 With fixation disparity testing, it is not…

Nystagmus Nystagmus can present a difficult diagnostic challenge for even the most experienced clinician. The varied etiologic factors include genetic and developmental anomalies, as well as active pathology (which can…

Cyclovertical Heterophoria Uncorrected cyclovertical heterophorias frequently cause symptoms that prompt patients to seek visual care; yet, many practitioners are uncomfortable managing such deviations. Some reasons for the reluctance to prescribe…

Refractive Amblyopia Included among the amblyopic patients are those whose amblyopia results from uncorrected refractive errors. Such amblyopia is of particular clinical importance because of its prevalence, prognosis, and relative…

Fusional Vergence, Voluntary Convergence, and Antisuppression Fusional Vergence Procedures: Anaglyphs, Polaroids, and Liquid Crystal Filters VARIABLE VECTOGRAMS Objectives Increase the amplitude of negative fusional vergence (NFV) and positive fusional vergence…