Endoscopic orbital surgery represents a challenging arena for the endoscopic surgeon. The orbit is highly complex, with critical structures confined in a fat-filled, soft-tissue space, thereby limiting visibility, and restricting…

The orbital apex is a small, cone-shaped region located between the posterior ethmoidal foramen anteriorly and the openings of the optic canal and superior orbital fissure posteriorly. It contains many…

Endoscopic endonasal approaches to the skull base are classified by their orientation in the sagittal and coronal planes. The anterior coronal plane corresponds with the anterior cranial fossa and extends…

Orbital tumors encompass a heterogenous range of lesions, from congenital cystic masses to both benign and malignant neoplasms, and can originate from a variety of tissue types. In a large…

Postoperative treatment of patients undergoing endoscopic orbital decompression (EOD) shares many similarities with that of patients who have standard functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Important distinctions that must be accounted for…

Orbital decompression has been performed for more than 100 years and is aimed at decompressing the orbital content by partially removing its bony boundaries. It has evolved from a transfrontal…

Optic Nerve Decompression The Evolution of Optic Nerve Decompression Although endoscopic transnasal surgery has become a widely used method for optic nerve decompression, its emergence would not be conceivable without…

Endoscopic orbital decompression was developed soon after the advent of endoscopic sinus surgery. The technique was first described by Kennedy et al. in 1990 and Michel et al. in 1991…

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that affects the periocular soft tissues. TED is associated with Graves disease (GD) and is synonymous with Graves orbitopathy/ophthalmopathy and thyroid-related…