Ento Key

Introduction ◾ Primary function : to focus light on the retina. ◾ Cataract (lens opacification) : is the commonest cause of reversible visual disability in the world. Phacoemulsification with intra-ocular…

Bacterial conjunctivitis Acute bacterial conjunctivitis Pathogenesis: direct eye contact with infected secretions. Most common isolates are S. pneumoniae , S. aureus , H. influenzae , and Moraxella catarrhalis ; uncommon,…

Ophthalmic history Before examining the eye, a thorough ophthalmic history should be taken. The history can be divided into the following basic categories of questioning: ◾ Main complaint: (a) rapidity…

Thyroid eye disease Pathogenesis: organ-specific autoimmune reaction in which a humoral agent (IgG antibody) produces inflammation and swelling of orbital tissue, especially extraocular muscles. It consists of an active inflammatory…

Episcleritis Simple episcleritis Diagnosis ◾ Presentation : acute onset of redness and mild discomfort. ◾ Signs : hyperaemia may be sectoral (typically interpalpebral; Fig. 9.1A ) or diffuse. Fig. 9.1…

Keratoplasty Introduction ◾ Classification : (a) partial (anterior or posterior lamellar), (b) full-thickness (penetrating). ◾ Indications : (a) optical, (b) tectonic, (c) therapeutic, (d) cosmetic. ◾ Donor tissue : should…

Anatomy The lacrimal drainage system consists of: (a) puncta, (b) canaliculi, (c) lacrimal sac, (d) nasolacrimal duct ( Fig. 3.1 ). Fig. 3.1 Anatomy of the lacrimal drainage system. (From…

Definitions ◾ Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) : eye with some degree of dryness. ◾ Xerophthalmia : dry eye associated with vitamin A deficiency. ◾ Xerosis : extreme dryness with keratinization occurring…

Benign Nodules and Cysts Chalazion (meibomian cyst) Definition: very common chronic sterile inflammation of a meibomian gland that may resolve spontaneously. Diagnosis ◾ Signs: (a) gradually enlarging tarsal nodule (…