Blepharoptosis, Aponeurotic (Involutional) Key Points Aponeurotic, or involutional ptosis, is caused by levator aponeurosis disinsertion or redundancy with normal levator muscle function, and without any identifiable myopathic or neurogenic cause…
Evaluation of Eyelid Malpositions Key Points The ability to obtain a proper medical history is of paramount importance The time of onset may help discern congenital from acquired cases A…
Anatomy of the Eyelids Key Points In adults, the interpalpebral fissure measures 8 to 10 mm and the horizontal length of the fissure is 30 to 31 mm The eyelid…
Origin and Evolution of the Vertebrate Eyelids and Adnexa In humans, the eyelids form a flexible soft-tissue structure that serves important functions of protecting the cornea from direct injury, adding…
Origin and Evolution of the Vertebrate Eyelids and Adnexa In humans, the eyelids form a flexible soft-tissue structure that serves important functions of protecting the cornea from direct injury, adding…
Eyelid Lesions and Their Origin in Eyelid Tissues There are a great many different types of lesions that occur in the eyelids. Numerous, sometimes confusing names have been applied to…
Embryology of the Eyelid Key Points Prenatal development in humans is divided into two periods: embryonic and fetal During the embryonic period, eyelid morphogenesis is a dynamic process involving complex…
Case study 1 A 14-year-old female patient with a history of ocular allergy controlled with eye drops and progressive advanced keratoconus (KC) in both eyes presented for evaluation, complaining of…
KEY CONCEPTS • This chapter reviews a case of keratoconus in one eye and early keratoonus in the contralateral eye. • A review of corneal imaging systems and their abmormal…
Case Study A 27-year-old female presented for follow-up for keratoconus (KC) after collagen cross-linking in both eyes 6 months previously. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) on the Snellen chart was…
