Ectropion, Cicatricial Key Points Cicatricial ectropion is defined as a shortage of the anterior lamella of the eyelid Causes include congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, UV-related, infectious, neoplastic, and autoimmune etiologies The…
Dermatochalasis Key Points Dermatochalasis is an age-related laxity of eyelid skin and loss of muscle tone resulting in redundancy of skin folds and subcutaneous tissue in the upper and lower…
Congenital Tarsal Kink Key Points Congenital tarsal kink is an exceedingly rare form of congenital entropion The condition is usually unilateral, but can be bilateral in 25% of cases Males…
Blepharoptosis, Neurogenic Key Points Neurogenic ptosis results from any pathologic process that disrupts the neural innervation of either the levator muscle or Müller muscle It is caused by myasthenia gravis,…
Brow Ptosis Key Points Brow ptosis is a common phenomenon in the aging face and results from sagging of the forehead skin and loss of fascial support of the eyebrows…
Histopathologic Terminology The use of descriptive terms in histopathology is a valuable method for standard communication that allows both the pathologist and the clinician to understand specific histologic characteristics of…
Blepharoptosis: Myopathic, Dystrophic, and Mitochondrial Key Points Myopathic ptosis refers to any abnormality in the levator muscle causing a reduction or absence of levator muscle function The group of diseases…
Blepharoptosis: Myopathic, Dysgenetic Key Points Myopathic dysgenetic ptosis results from developmental anomalies during embryogenesis This is the major cause of simple congenital ptosis Dysgenetic congenital ptosis is idiopathic, persistent, and…
Evaluation of Eyelid Lesions Key Points Obtaining a proper medical history is of paramount importance. Current and past illnesses should be reviewed. Rash-like symptoms or past allergic reactions should be…
Blepharoptosis: Mechanical and Pseudoptosis Key Points Mechanical ptosis is caused by a physical obstruction to eyelid elevation in the presence of normal levator muscle function Causes include conjunctival, eyelid, or…
