Genioglossus Advancement in Sleep Apnea Surgery
1 Introduction The genioglossus muscle originates from the genial tubercle, inserts posteriorly at the tip of the tongue and the dorsum of the tongue, and into the body of the…
Tracheostomy for Sleep Apnea
Robert H. Maisel Tracheostomy historically is the first treatment offered for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It remains the only surgical option directed at OSA that uniformly eliminates sleep apnea permanently. Since…
Multilevel Pharyngeal Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
1 Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder. It is characterized by repetitive apneas and hypopneas during sleep. These events are due to partial or complete collapse…
External Submucosal Glossectomy
1 Introduction The major contributing factors to retrolingual collapse in sleep apnea are macroglossia, hypotonia, retrognathia, and lingual tonsillar hyperplasia. Any or all of these may contribute to varying degrees…
Lateral Pharyngoplasty
1 Introduction As new concepts have emerged in the medical literature for sleep apnea and also based on our own experience, lateral pharyngoplasty (LP) was developed and updated several times…
Fundamentals of Minimally Invasive Radiofrequency Applications in Ear, Nose, and Throat Medicine
Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) medicine currently has several different systems at its disposal for minimally invasive treatments that apply high-frequency electric current to achieve a therapeutic effect. This chapter…
Upper Airway Stimulation: Implanted Neurostimulation Device for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
1 Introduction Upper airway stimulation is a novel approach to the management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) therapy has been shown to improve objective respiratory and…
Radiofrequency Tissue Effects
Radiofrequency (RF) energy has been used in medicine for numerous applications, including cutting tissue, vessel coagulation, and tissue volume reduction. There are unipolar, bipolar, and even multipolar devices in use…
Tongue Base Stabilization for Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Snoring
1 Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) results from a complex scenario initiated with airway collapse and obstruction, loss of compensatory wake and sleep reflexes, increased ventilatory effort, arousal, hypoventilation,…
Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation: Targeted Neurostimulation Device for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
1 Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a multi-factorial disorder where state-dependent loss of upper airway muscle tone and neuromuscular dysfunction result in cyclical upper airway obstruction during sleep. Hypoglossal…
