Visual Fields
1. What are the main types of visual-field tests? • Confrontation visual fields • Kinetic perimetry • Static perimetry • Amsler grids 2. How are confrontation fields used in practice?…
Anatomy of the Orbit and Eyelid
Orbit 1. Name the bones of the orbit (see Fig. 2-1 ). • Medial wall: Sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary • Lateral wall: Zygomatic, greater wing of the sphenoid • Roof:…
Clinical Anatomy of the Eye
I General 1. Name the seven bones that make up the bony orbit and describe which location is most prone to damage in an orbital blow-out fracture. The seven orbital…
Corneal Dystrophies
1. What are corneal dystrophies? Corneal dystrophies are bilateral, inherited, noninflammatory, commonly progressive alterations of the cornea that are usually not associated with any other systemic condition. Most corneal dystrophies…
The Red Eye
II Cornea and external diseases 1. Name the main causes of a red eye. • Conjunctivitis • Episcleritis • Subconjunctival hemorrhage • Scleritis • Corneal disease and trauma • Dry…
Corneal Infections
1. What is a corneal ulcer? Infections of the cornea involve the epithelium and/or stroma. Some infections may occur strictly within the epithelium (i.e., herpes simplex epithelial keratitis), whereas others…
Topical Antibiotics and Steroids
1. You are an antibiotic or steroid eyedrop just placed in the conjunctival fornix. Discuss the barriers to your journey into the eye. Many eyedrop dispensers deliver a 50-μL eyedrop….
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
1. How does ophthalmia neonatorum typically present? Inflammation of the conjunctiva within the first month of life is classified as ophthalmia neonatorum (neonatal conjunctivitis). A purulent or mucoid discharge from…
Biochemistry and cell biology
Introduction The eye is a miracle of self-organization. While many tissues such as muscle and kidney comprise predominantly a restricted set of more or less specialized cell types, almost all…
