Sialadenitis
7.1 Bacterial Infection Bacterial Infections Salivary gland infections are in general not a common condition. The incidence, complications, and mortality rates of salivary gland infections have decreased largely due to…
Salivary Gland Histology
Introduction The histology of salivary glands was established by the end of the 19th century, when some intracellular organelles could be demonstrated ( Fig. 5.1 ). Today, the familiar and…
Salivary Gland Embryology, Physiology, and Stem Cell Complexity
Introduction Salivary glands play an essential role in maintaining oral homeostasis by secreting saliva under unstimulated (resting) and stimulated (neuronal-regulated) conditions. For example, saliva functions as a barrier for bacterial…
Pathology and Molecular Pathology of Salivary Tumors: General Considerations
Prognostic Categories of Salivary Tumors The histologic classification of salivary tumors is difficult in a significant proportion of tumors. The main reasons are that they are rare compared with tumors…
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, Core Needle Biopsy, and Frozen Section
Introduction Open biopsies are contraindicated because of the risk of tumor cell seeding, which increases the risk of recurrence of both malignant neoplasms and pleomorphic adenomas. Facial nerve injury, wound…
Orbital Disease in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Orbital disorders usually manifest with a unifying constellation of symptoms and signs that include proptosis, periocular swelling, blurred vision, and double vision. The presence of proptosis distinguishes diseases of the…
Eye Movement Disorders: Third, Fourth, and Sixth Nerve Palsies and Other Causes of Diplopia and Ocular Misalignment
This chapter covers the diagnosis and management of the causes of double vision and ocular misalignment. Although the bulk of the discussion concentrates on third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies,…
Eye Movement Disorders: Conjugate Gaze Abnormalities
This chapter covers eye movement disorders that are characterized by intact alignment, but in which the eyes either have restricted motility, move too slowly, or are misdirected. In neuro-ophthalmic terminology,…
Visual Loss: Disorders of the Chiasm
Chiasmal disorders are important in the differential diagnosis of anterior visual pathway dysfunction, particularly when the visual loss is gradually progressive. Involvement of the chiasm is suggested by (1) any…
Eye Movement Disorders: Nystagmus and Nystagmoid Eye Movements
Nystagmus is a rhythmic biphasic oscillation of the eyes, and the slow phase eye drift initiates the movement. Nystagmus should also be distinguished from other ocular oscillations or nystagmoid eye…
