Lower Facial Reanimation
10.1055/b-0034-92470 Lower Facial ReanimationBabak Azizzadeh and Kimberly J. Lee Facial paralysis is a condition that can affect some or all branches of the facial nerve. Facial nerve disorders can lead…
Facial Nerve Repair
10.1055/b-0034-92469 Facial Nerve RepairDouglas K. Henstrom and Tessa A. Hadlock Myriad clinical conditions lead to permanent or irreversible facial paralysis. Examples of “permanent” facial paralysis include facial nerve sacrifice at…
Rehabilitation with the Enhanced Palpebral Spring
10.1055/b-0034-92468 Rehabilitation with the Enhanced Palpebral SpringRobert E. Levine The ocular manifestations of facial paralysis are a major source of both local and systemic disability. Locally, the inability to blink…
Hemifacial Spasm
10.1055/b-0034-92463 Hemifacial SpasmJacques Magnan and Claire-Lise Curto Faïs Hemifacial spasm is characterized by the occurrence of unilateral, involuntary, sudden, and isolated spasms of one side of the face. It is…
Facial Nerve Tumors
10.1055/b-0034-92460 Facial Nerve TumorsMichael Hoa, Eric P. Wilkinson, and Derald E. Brackmann Tumors of the facial nerve are rare causes of facial paralysis. Nonetheless, the possibility of neoplastic involvement of…
Neuromuscular Retraining: Nonsurgical Therapy for Facial Palsy
10.1055/b-0034-92471 Neuromuscular Retraining: Nonsurgical Therapy for Facial PalsyH. Jacqueline Diels and Carien H.G. Beurskens Neuromuscular retraining (NMR) is a patient-centered approach to the nonsurgical treatment of facial paralysis, paresis, and…
Synkinesis and Hyperkinesis
10.1055/b-0034-92472 Synkinesis and HyperkinesisBarry M. Schaitkin Unwanted facial nerve movement disorders take many forms. Hemifacial spasm is a unilateral hyperactivity that usually begins focally and may progress to involve all…
Acute Management of the Effects of Facial Paralysis
10.1055/b-0034-92465 Acute Management of the Effects of Facial ParalysisMichael B. Gluth and Marcus D. Atlas Clinical management issues related to acute facial paralysis can be divided into three categories. The…
Congenital Facial Weakness
10.1055/b-0034-92454 Congenital Facial WeaknessRandolph Sherman and Ronald M. Zuker Each of us enters this world in a profoundly dramatic way. Either by unrelenting naturally propulsive physical forces through vaginal birth…
Anatomy of the Facial Nerve and Associated Structures
10.1055/b-0034-92447 Anatomy of the Facial Nerve and Associated StructuresBradley W. Kesser The anatomy of the facial nerve beautifully illustrates the complexities of the human peripheral, central, and autonomic nervous systems….
