10.1055/b-0034-92450 Facial Nerve Paralysis ExaminationBabak Azizzadeh, Jonathan S. Kulbersh, and Brendan P. O′Connell The facial nerve provides motor, sensory, and parasympathic innervation to the head and neck. The functional and…
10.1055/b-0034-92458 Traumatic Facial Nerve ManagementJ. Walter Kutz Jr., Brandon Isaacson, and Peter S. Roland Trauma is second to idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell palsy) as the most common cause of facial…
10.1055/b-0034-92457 Surgical Treatment of Bell PalsySarah E. Mowry and Bruce J. Gantz Symmetric movement of the facial features is an integral part of how humans communicate. Loss of facial symmetry…
10.1055/b-0034-92461 Extratemporal Causes of Facial ParalysisJohn P. Leonetti and Sam J. Marzo Acute facial paralysis is due to Bell palsy in ∼85% of patients who present with complete, unilateral facial…
10.1055/b-0034-92472 Synkinesis and HyperkinesisBarry M. Schaitkin Unwanted facial nerve movement disorders take many forms. Hemifacial spasm is a unilateral hyperactivity that usually begins focally and may progress to involve all…
10.1055/b-0034-92471 Neuromuscular Retraining: Nonsurgical Therapy for Facial PalsyH. Jacqueline Diels and Carien H.G. Beurskens Neuromuscular retraining (NMR) is a patient-centered approach to the nonsurgical treatment of facial paralysis, paresis, and…
10.1055/b-0034-92464 Facial Nerve MonitoringEmily Z. Stucken, Kevin D. Brown, and Samuel H. Selesnick Injury to the facial nerve is one of the most feared and potentially devastating complications of otologic…
10.1055/b-0034-92466 Acoustic Neuromas and Facial ParalysisMark Brandt Lorenz and William H. Slattery III Due to its proximity, lesions of the eighth cranial nerve have significant impact upon the integrity and…
10.1055/b-0034-92470 Lower Facial ReanimationBabak Azizzadeh and Kimberly J. Lee Facial paralysis is a condition that can affect some or all branches of the facial nerve. Facial nerve disorders can lead…
10.1055/b-0034-92469 Facial Nerve RepairDouglas K. Henstrom and Tessa A. Hadlock Myriad clinical conditions lead to permanent or irreversible facial paralysis. Examples of “permanent” facial paralysis include facial nerve sacrifice at…
