Endoscopic Orbital Decompression
Endoscopic orbital decompression was developed soon after the advent of endoscopic sinus surgery. The technique was first described by Kennedy et al. in 1990 and Michel et al. in 1991…
Surgical Indications and Outcomes of Orbital Decompression Surgery
Orbital decompression surgery is being increasingly used in the treatment of urgent and nonurgent complications related to Graves ophthalmopathy. An understanding of the specific indication for pursuing surgery is critical…
Thyroid Eye Disease
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that affects the periocular soft tissues. TED is associated with Graves disease (GD) and is synonymous with Graves orbitopathy/ophthalmopathy and thyroid-related…
Outcomes of Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy: Enhancing the Patency of the Rhinostomy
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is the definitive treatment for epiphora caused by nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO). The procedure creates a functioning passageway for tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity…
Revision Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy and Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy
Pearls • Outcomes after revision endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (endoscopic DCR) are excellent and the preferred approach when possible. • Endoscopic DCR allows the surgeon to thoroughly evaluate the neo-ostium and address…
Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy With Mucosal Flaps
Diseases within the tear duct system can interfere with tear drainage and result in epiphora. Poor drainage with secretion retention may result in inflammation and infection. In the majority of…
Evaluation and Management of Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
In the evaluation of patients with acquired tearing, the first step is to assess whether epiphora (tearing caused by insufficient drainage) or lacrimation (hypersecretion of tears) is the cause of…
Endoscopic Dacrocystorhinostomy
Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy Nasolacrimal duct dysfunction, whether by lacrimal pump failure or nasolacrimal obstruction, prevents the flow of tears through the lacrimal system, resulting in epiphora. Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a commonly…
Evaluation and Management of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is a blockage of the lacrimal drainage system and the most common cause of persistent tearing and ocular discharge in infants and young children. The…
Radiologic Evaluation of the Orbit: Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with suspected orbital disease. Radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used in clinical practice….
