Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy SALIENT FEATURES Any appearance of neovascularization (NV) in an eye with underlying diabetic retinopathy qualifies as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Neovascularization can present as neovascularization of the…
Diabetic Macular Edema SALIENT FEATURES Diabetic macular edema (DME), the most common cause of visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR), is prevalent in 4.2% to 12.8% of patients…
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy SALIENT FEATURES Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is a constellation of retinal changes due to a chronic hyperglycemia-induced microangiography that is staged as mild, moderate, or severe. Mild…
The Normal Retina and Choroid OCT IMAGING The basic principles for tissue reflectivity: Retinal layers with cellular components yield low reflectivity. In contrast, retinal layers with synaptic or fiber layers…
OCT and OCTA Interpretation OCT SALIENT FEATURES Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and is the diagnostic imaging test of choice to assess many…
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Overview OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY BASIC PRINCIPLES Based on optical coherence tomography (OCT). Noninvasive method allowing for visualization of functional blood vessels in the eye producing…
Optical Coherence Tomography Overview SALIENT FEATURES Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows the visualization of retina and choroid through a noninvasive procedure and plays a pivotal role in modern ophthalmic multimodal…
Complex Strabismus Pearls Laura B. Enyedi, MD GENERAL PEARLS FOR COMPLEX STRABISMUS If you do not know which surgery to perform, select the one that is easier and/or has fewer…
Adult Strabismus Surgery: Special Considerations Matthew D. Gearinger, MD PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS Adult strabismus patients are more likely to have had prior ocular surgery and experience diplopia than pediatric patients. In…
Imaging in Strabismus Mays A. El-Dairi, MD DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS Strabismus is a common presentation for intracranial pathology. Before deciding on surgery in strabismus, it is important to rule out an…
